The couple also recorded for RPM Records and Sun Records. Turner, who was a friend of Sly Stone, played guitar on Sly and the Family Stone's album There's A Riot Goin' On (1971). [45] Phillips used profits from the success of the record to launch Sun Records in February 1952. [102][103] Following the song's success in the UK, Mick Jagger invited them to open for the Rolling Stones on their 1966 British Tour. [16] However, Turner's daughter, Mia Turner, disagreed with this diagnosis and felt he was being overmedicated. [200], Following the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they were married in Tijuana in 1962. Sex was power to me. [118], After his breakup with Tina, singer Holly Maxwell sang with Turner on occasion from 1977 to 1985 and again for eight months in 1992. [109] The release of "Proud Mary" in 1971 became Ike & Tina Turner's biggest hit, reaching No. [12], Turner began working on a collaboration album with Gorillaz's producer Danger Mouse and the Black Keys in early 2007. [79] Turner released two singles on the Stevens label (No. He received negative publicity that was exacerbated in 1993 by the release of the film adaptation What's Love Got to Do with It. Johnny Otis said, "Ike Turner is a very important man in American music. [239][240], Ronnie Turner was in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten. In those days blacks didn't bother with divorces. [68] He began playing guitar in sessions in 1953, and by 1954 with the assistance of Joe Bihari he built a makeshift recording studio at a defunct Greyhound bus station in Clarksdale. King. Look what he'd done for me. He became a father for the first time in 1958, when he and his live . [130] Turner credited Joe Louis Walker with encouraging him to return to his roots in blues music. In this Dec. 23, 2014 photo, Lorrain Taylor, left, hugs Arlene Johnson, grandmother of Diamond Jackson, who was shot and killed in his neighborhood in 2009, in Oakland, Calif. Taylor was paying a visit to Jackson's family as part of her duties for the nonprofit 1000 Mothers To Prevent Violence. I understand today. About American Composer Ike Turner was born Izear Luster Turner Jr. on 5th November, 1931 in Clarksdale, Mississippi, USA and passed away on 12th Dec 2007 San Marcos, California, USA aged 76. He considered himself an organizer rather than a performer. [5] Addicted to cocaine for at least 15 years, Turner was convicted of drug offenses and served 18 months in prison. [27] One day Friskillo spotted Turner watching and put him to work; teaching him the ins and outs of the control room. . When Turner applied for his first passport in the 1960s, he discovered that his name was registered as Ike Wister Turner. [38], Soon after the release of "Rocket 88", Turner moved to West Memphis, Arkansas and played with various local bands. [31] Turner persuaded his mother to pay for piano lessons, but he did not take to the formal style of playing. The album received positive critical reception, and was nominated for best Blues Album at the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards. [248] By the early 1970s, he was heavily addicted to the drug, buying it in large quantities and sharing it with friends. [53] They often purchased or claimed co-writer credit of songs written by artists on their labels using pseudonyms. "[190], In 1988, Turner discovered he had a daughter named Twanna Melby. At the first trial, the jury failed to reach a verdict, and at the retrial a year later he was found not guilty. His first recording, "Rocket 88" (credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats), is considered a contender for the distinction of first rock and roll song. Groove Band | Songs, Reviews, Credits", "Ike Turner wins first Grammy since 1972", "Value Central Hosts Heroes At New Memphis Store", "2004 Fender Custom Shop Ike Turner Limited Edition Stratocaster", "Ike Turner focus of weekend celebration in Miss", "This Week's Featured Marker: Ike Turner", "Mississippi Blues Trail Reaches 200th Marker with Rocket 88", "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time, Including 'Born to Be Wild' & 'Louie Louie', "THE 66th ACADEMY AWARD NOMINATIONS: OSCARS: The Nominees", "Rock 'N' Roll Pioneer Ike Turner Dies At 76", "Tina Turner Talks To Oprah About Keeping Her Spirits Up After a Stroke and Losing Her Son", "Ike Turner is Eulogized as misunderstood", "TV One's Unsung Offers Redemption for Ike Turner", "Tina Turner Signed Contract (1977). Music Memorabilia Autographs | Lot #52395", "Tina Turner Signed Agreement (1978). Music Memorabilia | Lot #23263", "Ike Turner Released From Prison, Returns To Music And 'Appreciates' Tina", "Tina Turner interview: the singer on Ike, Buddhism and leaving America for Switzerland", "Tina Turner Says She Forgives Ex-Husband Ike", "Ike Turner Talks About His Ex-Wife Tina And New Fiance", "Ike Turner's Widow Pens Memoir on Singer's Violent Bipolar Condition", "Tina Turner's son Ronnie's cause of death is revealed", "Tina Turner's firstborn son dies of apparent suicide", "An Interview with Ike Turner Jr and Randi Love on The Bobby Eaton Show", "Tulsa Native Randi Love Giving To Give Back", "PHOTOS - Lesly Mess alias Afida Turner au ct de son mari Ronnie Turner et de sa belle-mre Tina Turner", "Mort de Craig Turner: Afida Turner rend hommage son beau-frre", "Turner Says He's Innocent Of Telephone Abuse Rap", "D'Angela Proctor Talks Ike Turner 'Unsung', Reveals Who Introduced Him To Cocaine", "Soul Star on Ice: Divorced by Tina, Ike Turner Pays for His Romance with Cocaine in a California Prison", "Drug Charges Filed Against Musician Ike Turner", "Ike Turner Arrested on Cocaine Charge in Calif", "Ike Turner Gets 4 Years on Cocaine Convictions", "Ike Turner: On sex, drugs and rock'n'roll", "Cocaine overdose killed Ike Turner, San Diego coroner rules", "Medical examiner says Ike Turner died of cocaine overdose", "EXCLUSIVE: Judge leans toward finding Ike Turner's children as heirs", "St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame Vote Class of 2019", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ike_Turner&oldid=1142510289, Classic of Blues Recording Single or Album Track, In April 1981, Turner was arrested for shooting a 49-year-old newspaper delivery man. ", "Listen to the first rock and roll song ever recorded", "Joe Bihari, Who Put Early R&B on Record, Dies at 88 (Published 2013)", "Chess, Biharis Skirmish; This Time Over Wolf", "Bobbito plays the tracks. [195] Sources often incorrectly refer to Taylor as one of Turner's wives, but she was his live-in girlfriend. King. [64] Velma and Linda attended Turner's Mississippi Blues Trail marker unveiling in 2010. [4][61], While in Helena, Turner tried to recruit Little Walter to record for Modern in January 1952, but Little Walter was on his way to Mississippi. He was a great innovator. Wishing to exploit his Delta music connections, the Bihari brothers at Modern Records also hired Turner as a talent scout, paying him to find southern musicians who might be worth recording. Ronnie Turner Age, Background. An early pioneer of 1950s rock and roll, he is best known for his work in the 1960s and 1970s with his then-wife Tina Turner as the leader of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. His name was Craig, and he was born in 1958. I feel blessed to have had this experience and it has deeply inspired and nurtured me. "[231], Turner had six children. [75] In 1958, Turner took the band to Chicago to record for Cobra/Artistic, as well as fulfilling his contract as a session musician back at Sun. He intended to use the demo as guide track for Art Lassiter who did not attend the scheduled recording session at Technisonic Studios. Love invited Turner and his band to play at his club. [192] However, Turner asserted in his book that he is not the biological father. [159], Phil Alexander, editor-in-chief of Mojo magazine, referred to Turner as the "cornerstone of modern day rock 'n' roll" and credited his arrangements of blues standards as being an influence on 1960s British Invasion groups: "He proceeded to influence British rockers from the mid-1960s onwards. [96] Between 1964 and 1965, they scored fourteen top 40 R&B hits with "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", "Tell Her I'm Not Home", "Good Bye, So Long", and "Two Is a Couple". He didn't find out he was bipolar until much later in life, after Audrey (whom Ike began dating in the early 2000's) convinced him to . Rasool was also in the house and administered CPR. [16], Turner was introduced to St. Louis native singer Jeanette Bazzell by his son Ike Turner Jr. in 1988. [31] Turner recorded Parker's first single, "You're My Angel" / "Bad Women, Bad Whiskey", credited to Little Junior Parker and the Blue Flames. Moreover, he holds American nationality and belongs to the African ethnicity. [104][105] This exposure introduced them to a wider audience outside of R&B. "[156] Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in 2022. [191] Turner met her at the Cotton Club on Camplin Avenue in Yazoo City, Mississippi in 1948. [238] He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and The Love Thang Band. He visited high schools during Black History Month to speak against drug use. [22] Turner was also raped by another middle-aged woman, Miss Reeny, before he was twelve. Turner had six children. Turner was cremated after the funeral service. Louis. The couple later divorced. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain. She also kept her two Jaguar cars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name. "[147], Turner's guitar style is distinguished by heavy use of the whammy bar to achieve a strong reverb-soaked vibrato, string bending, hammer-ons and triplets in his blues phrasing. [64] Turner recalled, "Bonnie played piano. It was sampled by producer Goldie for his 1994 hit "Inner City Life", in the same year by Krome & Time on "The License", and by Paradox in 2002 on track "Funky Mule". [193], After Alice, Turner became involved with Annie Mae Wilson from Greenville, Mississippi. Learn more about Michael alongside his relationship with his step-mother Tina Turner. Alice was dating his vocalist Johnny O'Neal, but Turner liked her so he married her to avoid locking heads with O'Neal. He released two award-winning albums, Here and Now and Risin' with the Blues. 1931, in Clarksdale, MS; died on December 12, 2007, in San Marcos, CA; married Lorraine Taylor (divorced); married Anna Mae Bullock (known as Tina Turner, 1962; marriage possibly not legal; divorced, 1978); married Jeanette Bazzell (divorced . [25] During breaks he would watch DJ John Friskillo play records at the radio station, WROX, located in the hotel. Turner and Bob Krasnow, founder of Blue Thumb, co-produced Earl Hooker's 1969 album Sweet Black Angel. After her 2013 wedding to Bach, Turner experienced three health issues in quick succession. [157][158] Prince also said Turner as his first musical influence. Ike and Lorraine Taylor had two children during their marriage, the youngest of them being Michael Turner. [122], While Turner was in prison following a drug conviction, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. Blues historian Ted Drozdowski claimed that Turner's father died in an industrial accident. Turner gained experience performing by supporting Nighthawk at gigs around Clarksdale. Soon after his birth, his parents separated and he started living with his father. Ike Turner Jr. was born to Ike and Lorraine Taylor in 1958. But he was totally unpredictable," she said. [6] After his release in 1991, he remained drug-free until he relapsed in 2004, dying of a drug overdose in 2007. Lorraine Taylor is a famous American personality who rose to stardom as the wife of Ike Turner. Ike was always quite a character and was very candid about his struggles with addiction, sexual abuse as a child, and his abusive actions toward some women in his life. Rock 'n' roll came from rhythm and blues: rock 'n' roll ain't nothing but rhythm and blues up-tempo. They played on many recording for Bihari's Modern, RPM, and Flair labels. [127], Turner reformed the Ikettes in the mid-1990s, which included his then-wife Jeanette Bazzell Turner and Michelle Love (Randi Love). He would send dubs of things he cut to us, and if we'd like them we'd make a seal or sign the artist. However, born in Missouri, Ronnie grew up in Los Angeles, where his family moved. Tina Turner shared the news of her son's death Friday in an Instagram post. [70], In 1954, Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St. Louis, Missouri. [16], In 2005, Turner revealed he had been diagnosed with emphysema which required him to use an oxygen tank. She is an American entrepreneur and also identifies herself as a motivational speaker. In 1973, the duo released "Nutbush City Limits" penned by Tina. 1949),[192] but Turner denied that assertion in his autobiography (in which Velma is mistakenly referred to as Thelma): "I met Thelma Dishman, who, at that time, I thought was a pretty girl. [180], Commenting on the historical accuracy of the film, Tina told Larry King in 1997: "I would have liked them to have more truth, but according to Disney [owner of the film's production company], they said it's impossible, the people would not have believed the truth. In 1952, under the alias Mary Sue, she released the single "Everybody's Talking" / "Love Is a Gamble" on Modern Records. Clockwise from bottom left: Michael Turner (Son of Ike & Lorraine Taylor), Ike Turner, Jr. (Son of Ike & Lorraine Taylor), Ike Turner, Craig Hill (Son of Tina & Raymond Hill), Ronnie Turner (Son of Ike & Tina). [16], Turner was raised a Baptist and reportedly converted to Judaism in 1994, but never spoke about it. Unfortunately, Ike and Lorraine parted ways shortly after Turner Jr. and his sibling's arrival. [115] On July 1, the Turners got into a violent altercation en route to their gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. "[181][182] In 2018, Tina told Oprah Winfrey that she only recently watched the film, but she could not finish it because she "didn't realize they would change the details so much. [21], Turner recounted how he was sexually assaulted at the age of six by a middle-aged lady called Miss Boozie. [222] Eventually she moved into their View Park home. This man was playing the blues, rhythm and blues. In May 1989, Turner was arrested on drug charges in West Hollywood. Ike modestly terms what he does on the guitar as 'tricks', but make no mistake, he attacked his axe with the conviction of a man who knew precisely what he wanted to hear come out of it. Turner married Lee in September 1952. [195][196] Lorraine already had two children of her own before she had two sons, Ike Jr. and Michael, with Turner. Tina had her first child when she was 18 with Raymond Hill, a saxophonist for the band Kings of Rhythm. He'd go in the studio for a couple of minutes and play a couple of bars and say he had to go lay down. Her first husband, Ike Turner, adopted him after they tied the knot in 1962. [112] During this period, Turner produced singer Judy Cheeks' debut album Judy Cheeks (1973),[113] and the last album by the Ikettes, (G)Old & New (1974). Ike Turner was the innovator, for rhythm and blues and for rock 'n' roll. Ike & Tina Turner pose for a portrait with their son and step-sons in circa 1972. In 2009, a judge ruled that the handwritten will was invalid and that Turner's children were legally the direct heirs of his estate.[265]. [190], Turner married Marion Louis Lee (Bonnie Turner) in Clarksdale on September 24, 1952. [89] He had the name "Tina Turner" trademarked, so that in case she left, another singer could perform under the same name. Walking past her house to school, she would invite him to help feed her chickens and then take him to bed. In January 1987, Turner was arrested for trying to sell 10 ounces of cocaine to an undercover police officer; he pleaded not guilty. [48], The success of "Rocket 88" generated tension and ego clashes in the band which culminated with Brenston leaving to pursue a solo career, causing the band to fall apart. additional second second assistant director (as Rebecca Strickland) Michael Winter. [71], In between live dates, Turner took the band to Cincinnati to record for Federal Records in 1956. [90], The single "A Fool In Love" was released in July 1960, and it became a national hit, selling a million copies. [99][100] After Tina and Spector recorded "River Deep Mountain High", the duo signed to Spector's Philles label in 1966. The success of the single was followed by a string of hits including "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" which gave them their second million-seller and their first Grammy nomination. [13] He is also inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, the Blues Hall of Fame, and the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame. "[16], Turner attended Booker T. Washington Elementary School, then was promoted to Myrtle Hall in the sixth grade. [91] Turner added a backing girl group he renamed the Ikettes, and along with the Kings of Rhythm they began performing as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. Craig died in an apparent suicide in 2018. [29][30] This led to Turner being offered a job by the station manager as the DJ on the late-afternoon shift. [133] He is featured in the documentaries The Road to Memphis and Godfathers and Sons, as part of the series. Ike Turner Jr became Tina's son after she adopted him in 1962, following her marriage to Ike. [233], In 1959, Turner was charged with what he described as "interstate transportation of forged checks and conspiracy" and was forced to stand trial in St. Louis. Paramedics then rushed to the address in San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, where bystanders were attempting CPR. Rosa had mental issues, so her family put her in an insane asylum. [224] She became his lead vocalist and they married in a private ceremony at Circus Circus Hotel & Resort in Las Vegas on July 4, 1995. Chess released it under the name "Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats" instead of "Ike Turner and His Kings of Rhythm Featuring Jackie Brenston". Turner said, "we wanted to play blues, boogie-woogie and Roy Brown, Jimmy Liggins, Roy Milton. [156] Little Richard was inspired to play the piano after he heard Turner's piano intro on "Rocket 88", and later used it note for note on "Good Golly, Miss Molly". 1958) and Michael Turner (b. [142] Although Turner does not appear on the album, Pitchfork noted his influence in the production. [8], During the 1980s, Turner was arrested multiple times for drug and firearm offenses which resulted in two convictions. To strip him from having the opportunity to get recognition in an area where he was entitled to deserve it, it's so wrong to me. Getty Ike Turner and American singer-songwriter Tina Turner at Heathrow Airport, London, UK, 27th October 1975. [57][4], Turner was contracted to the Bihari brothers, but he continued to work for Phillips, where he was effectively the in-house producer. If the drummer had to pee, I would play drums until he returned.There were no breaks. [3] Though primarily known as a guitarist, Turner began his career playing piano and personally considered it his main instrument. : Turner Nervous About Restarting His Pop Career", "100 Greatest Guitarists: David Fricke's Picks", "King of Rhythm: Rock and Roll Pioneer Ike Turner November 5, 1931 December 12, 2007", "Early Wright, 84, Disc Jockey Who Made the Delta Blue, Dies", "Spotlight: Ike Turner Antone's, Midnight", "All the Blues Players Shacked Up at This Hotel", "Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm I'm Tore Up", "Most Played Juke Box Rhythm & Blues Records", "Will the creator of modern music please stand up? [26] WROX is noted for being the first radio station in Mississippi to employ a black DJ, Early Wright. I did ask him about it. [168], In 2003, the album Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner was ranked No. 14 on the Billboard R&B chart. Ike and Tina Turner pictured with their son and step-sons Michael Turner (Son of Ike & Lorraine Taylor), Ike Turner, Jr. (Son of Ike & Lorraine Taylor), Craig Hill (Son of Tina &. Soon they were booking bigger venues, and by 1969 they were headlining in Las Vegas. He is also inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame. Likewise, he was married to Tina from 1962 to 1978. [188][205][8] He also revealed on The Howard Stern Show in 1993 and on Fresh Air in 1996, that Tina's birth name is Martha Nell (not Anna Mae) Bullock. [189] They were married on April 10, 1948. Trumpet found out and Modern had to cancel the record. Tina Turner's eldest son, Craig Raymond Turner, has died in an apparent suicide aged 59. [230] She told The Afro: "I decided to write it because it was like a cleansing and it released all of the trauma. [42] Turner blamed Phillips for this misrepresentation. Louis. [221] According to Turner, Tina suggested Ann fill in as an Ikette because although she could not sing, she was attractive. We just came and took it home. Furthermore, Jr.'s brother, Michael Turner, was born a year later in 1959. [43][44] The record sold approximately half a million copies. The records were released on RPM as Bonnie and Ike Turner. [28][29] Soon, he was left to play records while Friskillo took coffee breaks. [16], Ike Turner Jr. released an album, Hard Labor, in 1987. Ike Turner Jr. With His Father As He Receives a Grammy Award. She co-wrote both tunes with Turner. In order to view the video, please allow Manage. [58] In 1951, Turner recorded two Howlin' Wolf tracks for Phillips, playing piano on "How Many More Years" and "Moanin' at Midnight", which Phillips sent to Chess. [31][132] The positive response to the tour encouraged Turner to reform the Kings of Rhythm. He said he made a song about it and we started laughing," said Rasool, referring to "Bi Polar" from the Grammy-winning album Risin' With The Blues. Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in. [211] Tina gave up her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate. Birth date: November 5, 1931 Birth State: Mississippi Birth City: Clarksdale Birth Country: United States Gender: Male Best Known For: Ike Turner made a string of R&B hits with singer and wife. He had tried to sell his studio Bolic Sound in 1980 to raise funds to avoid foreclosure, but the studio burned down on the day a potential buyer was scheduled to view it in January 1981. "[155] Turner was a big influence on Little Richard, who wrote the introduction to Turner's autobiography. [259], Turner died without a valid will. She told Jet: "He's been real inspiration and a catalyst emotionally and in other ways as well. [179] In 2006, Vibe magazine ranked the character of Ike Turner from What's Love Got to Do with It at No. The relationship between Tina Turner and Ike Turner was physically, emotionally and financially abusive for years. Tina also made claims about Ike's years of abuse towards her in her 2018 memoir My . [71] Eventually, Turner returned with his reformed version of the Kings of Rhythm. He was adopted by Ike Turner after he and Tina married in 1962. [92], In 1961, Turner played piano on Albert King's first hit record, "Don't Throw Your Love on Me So Strong". She started as an Ikette before becoming his lead singer. [225][226] They divorced in 2000, but later rekindled their friendship. During the performance, he asked a woman named Anna Mae Bullock to come sing with him and he was impressed by her beautiful voice. As of 2021, he is 61 years old. During his stay, he went clubbing at Ned Love's in East St. Louis, Illinois. [29] The pair played drums and piano on radio sessions. While in Chicago, Turner backed Otis Rush; playing the signature vibrato guitar parts on "Double Trouble". The exception was Brenston who sold the rights to Phillips for $910. Because he had such a big band and entourage he desegregated a lot of the hotels because the hotel chains wouldn't want to miss out on the money they would make from him touring the southern states. [245] He was cleared of the charges. He was portrayed on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update by Tim Meadows in a pageboy wig. Ike Turner performing in Juan-Les-Pins, southern France, on the last day of the Jazz a Juan music festival. On December 10, 2007, he told his assistant Falina Rasool that he believed he was dying and would not live until Christmas. They toured the US in 2001, and headlined a showcase at South by Southwest where they were hailed as one of the highlights of the conference. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. Advertisement More from Distractify New HBO Doc Shows the "Abusive Life" of Tina Turner Where Does Tina Turner Live Now? [32] At some point in the 1940s, Turner moved into Clarksdale's Riverside Hotel. [16], On January 16, 2008, the San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office reported that Turner had died from a cocaine overdose. . Ike Turner states the facts", "Ike Turner That Kat Sure Could Play! She was a pianist in his band, and they married in the mid-1950s. [264] His daughter Mia was said to be surprised at the coroner's assessment, believing his advanced stage emphysema was a larger factor. "[67] Turner discovered his identity many years later after Presley approached him when they were both playing at the International Hotel. 280 Lorraine Taylor Premium High Res Photos Browse 280 lorraine taylorstock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. She had one son when she was just 18, and. This continued daily for some time. Craig Saw . [190] The couple married on September 19, 1950. He had two sons, Ike Turner Jr. (b. [161], Turner won two competitive Grammy Awards. Turner's cocaine addiction and legal troubles, together with accounts by Tina Turner of domestic violence (published in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina and the 1993 film adaptation What's Love Got to Do with It), impacted his career in the 1980s and 1990s. [162] In 2007, Turner won Best Traditional Blues Album for Risin' with the Blues. Son of Lorraine Taylor and Ike Turner.Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner: Born in 1960. [177] He was portrayed by Laurence Fishburne, whose performance earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Actor at the 66th Academy Awards. "The cause of death for Ike Turner is cocaine toxicity with other significant conditions, such as hypertensive cardiovascular disease and pulmonary emphysema", Supervising Medical Examiner Investigator Paul Parker told CNN. He was later told it was an act of retaliation over a woman with whom his father was having an affair. Turner, who was trained by ear and could not sight read, would learn the pieces by listening to a version on record at home, pretending to be reading the music during rehearsals. "[154] King also said, "When they talk about rock 'n roll, I see Ike as one of the founding fathers. additional second second assistant director. Ike and Tina played to a mixed audience and he deliberately desegregated audiences in the southern states and he wouldn't play to any segregated audiences at all.